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Species:
Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 		Valid Name:
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Parent taxa:             Genus / Family / Order / Superorder / Subclass / Class
Cephalodella: Notommatidae: Ploima: Pseudotrocha: Monogononta: Eurotatoria 		Taxonomic / nomenclatural notes:
• not Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg) after Jersabek (1996) [Ref.13778] [=C. rotunda bryophila Pawłowski?].
• Highly variable morphospecies that probably represents a complex of cryptic species with narrower geographic ranges and/or ecological tolerances!
Nomenclatural status:
name in current use 		Species group name declinable:
yes 		Validity:
valid 		Taxon Rank:
Species 		Availability:
available
Original Combination:
Furcularia gracilis 		Original Spelling:
Furcularia gracilis 		Latest Revision:
Nogrady, T;R Pourriot (1995): Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world. Vol. 8: 1-229, 239-248
Page last modified on: 24.03.2013 by C.D. Jersabek
Original description
 
Ehrenberg, C G (1830): Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältnis der Infusionsthierchen. Zwei Vorträge in der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin gehalten in den Jahren 1828 [Die geographische Verbreitung der Infusionsthierchen in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien, beobachtet auf Hemprich und Ehrenbergs Reisen] und 1830 [Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien].
p.66
Ehrenberg, C G (1830): Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältnis der Infusionsthierchen. Zwei Vorträge in der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin gehalten in den Jahren 1828 [Die geographische Verbreitung der Infusionsthierchen in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien, beobachtet auf Hemprich und Ehrenbergs Reisen] und 1830 [Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien]. p.66
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Literature documentations
 
Ehrenberg, C G (1838): Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur.
Ehrenberg, C G (1838): Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur.
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Observation images
 
Image courtesy of ANSP (Jersabek et al. 2003) [Ref.15798]; females (lateral views), and trophi (lateral view)
Image courtesy of ANSP (Jersabek et al. 2003) <a href='../../Reference/Index/15798' target='_blank'>[Ref.15798]</a>; females (lateral views), and trophi (lateral view)
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SEM trophi image , courtesy of Diego Fontaneto & Giulio Melone -   Trophi website

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De Manuel, J, 1993 Limnetica9 
Dixon-Nuttall, F R;R Freeman, 1903 Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society23
Donner, J, 1949 Archiv für Hydrobiologie42Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Donner, J, 1964 Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement27/1Cephalodella gracilis Ehrenberg, 1830
Donner, J, 1970 Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement36Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Ehrenberg, C G, 1830 Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältnis der Infusionsthierchen. Zwei Vorträge in der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin gehalten in den Jahren 1828 [Die geographische Verbreitung der Infusionsthierchen in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien, beobachtet auf Hemprich und Ehrenbergs Reisen] und 1830 [Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien]. 
Ehrenberg, C G, 1838 Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur.  
Godeanu, S, 1966 Studii de Protectia si Epurarea Apelor7 
Godeanu, S, 1970 Studii si cercetari de Biologie, Seria Zoologie22
Harring, H K;F J Myers, 1924 Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters21
Hudson, C T;P H Gosse, 1886 The Rotifera; or wheel-animalcules, both British and foreign.I+II 
Jersabek, C D, 1996 Berichte der naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereinigung Salzburg11Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Jersabek, C D, 2003 Bishop Museum Occasional Papers74Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Jersabek, C D, 2011 Mitteilungen aus dem Haus der Natur19Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Jersabek, C D;E Bolortsetseg, 2010 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia159Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Jersabek, C D;H Segers;B J Dingmann, 2003 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Special Publications20Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Jersabek, C D;R Schabetsberger, 1996 Limnologica (Berlin)26Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Koste, W, 1967 Heimat-Kalender, Bersenbrück1967 
Koste, W, 1968 Veröffentlichungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Osnabrück32
Kutikova, L A;L A Folian, 1996 Proceedings of the Zoological Institute267 
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Cephalodella gracilis var. lenticulata Wulfert, 1938 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxon
Cephalodella gracilis var. sigmoides Wulfert, 1951 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxon
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Cephalodella gracilis keta Reed, 1978 name in current useSubspeciesavailable
Cephalodella gracilis var. sigmoides Wulfert, 1951 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonVarietasavailable
Cephalodella gracilis var. lenticulata Wulfert, 1938 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonVarietasavailable
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IUILocality(sorted ascending)
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Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
- / -04.09.1939Collection / - / Specimen preparations2048
C
 
Bog Puu OUmi NAR (Sphagnum)
Moss (Sphagnum palustre, peat moss) / Peat bog (montane)26.04.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
 
Danube River at Nussdorf
- / -01.01.1900Literature / - / Published Information3202
L
 
Diegos Taro Farm
Water fern interrhizon (Azolla sp.), and bottom sediments / Taro cultivation pond (lo'i kalo )22.03.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information256
L
 
Dösental, Sphagnum bog (Lackenboden)
Moss (Sphagnum, peat moss) / Bog, peat bog02.08.2009Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
 
Dreibrüdersee
Littoral microhabitats / Lake, freshwater (alpine)17.08.1986Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Eckelgrubensee
Littoral microhabitats / Lake, freshwater (alpine)04.08.1990Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Erzwiessee (Kleiner)
Mud surface / Pond, freshwater (alpine)05.08.1990Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Fong's Taro Farm
Bottom sediments, and POM / Taro cultivation pond (lo'i kalo )15.02.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information260
L
 
Grosselendschartentümpel
Bottom sediments (littoral sand, cobble, gravel) / Pond, freshwater (alpine)23.09.1991Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Hanakapiai Stream
Algae, benthic / Stream, freshwater (lowland)02.03.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Hanakapiai Stream
Bottom sediments (predominantly anorganic) / Stream, freshwater (lowland)02.03.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information1
L
cf.
Hövsgöl Nuur Lake shore pond (Hanh)
Macrophytes (Myriophyllum, Utricularia) / Pond, freshwater21.07.2005Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
 
Kahana Iki Stream
Macrophytes (Elodea canadensis) / Stream, freshwater (lowland)12.02.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
 
Kalalau Trail, moss
Moss (dripping rocks) / Dripping rocks02.03.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Kauravai
Littoral microhabitats / Pond, freshwater (tropical)22.09.2004Literature / - / Published Information1
L
cf.
Koaie Stream
Moss / Stream, freshwater (dystrophic, montane)23.02.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
cf.
Koaie Stream
Stream bottom: periphyton, and POM / Stream, freshwater (dystrophic, montane)23.02.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2308
L
cf.
Krottenseemoor bei Gmunden
Littoral microhabitats / Bog, peat bog31.07.1994CJ unpubl. / - / Unpublished Information, own observations (CJ)1
F
 
Lake Mineola, Pocono Mts
- / Lake, freshwater15.07.1941Collection, Literature / - / Specimen preparations including published info2048
C
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ANSP 0127 Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Orig.Id.: Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 		?females6 
ANSP 0319 Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Orig.Id.: Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 		 trophi3 
ANSP 1134 Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Orig.Id.: Cephalodella exigua (Gosse, 1886) 		 females4 
ANSP 1143 Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Orig.Id.: Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 		 females8 
USNM 19823 Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Orig.Id.: Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 		 females3 
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Geographical Range:
Presumed cosmopolite (not yet recorded from Ori), including Pacific region.
Macrohabitat:
Bog, peat bog; Drainage ditch, freshwater abandoned; Dripping rocks; Lake, freshwater; Lake, freshwater (alpine); Lake, freshwater (alpine, ultraoligotrophic); Lake, freshwater (mesotrophic); Peat bog (montane); Pond, freshwater; Pond, freshwater (alpine); Pond, freshwater (artificial); Pond, freshwater (tropical); Pond, oligosaline; Pool, freshwater (alpine); River, freshwater; Stream, freshwater; Stream, freshwater (dystrophic, montane); Stream, freshwater (lowland); Stream, freshwater (mountain); Taro cultivation pond (lo'i kalo );
Microhabitat:
Algae, benthic; Bottom sediments (littoral sand, cobble, gravel); Bottom sediments (predominantly anorganic); Bottom sediments, and POM; Littoral microhabitats; Macrophytes (Elodea canadensis); Macrophytes (Myriophyllum); Macrophytes (Myriophyllum, Utricularia); Macrophytes (Potamogeton pectinatus?); Moss; Moss (dripping rocks); Moss (Sphagnum palustre, peat moss); Moss (Sphagnum, peat moss); Moss (submersed, semi-emersed); Mud surface; Open water; Periphyton (littoral vegetation, roots of terrestrial vegetation); Periphyton, and POM (littoral stones, gravel); Psammolittoral; Stream bottom: periphyton, and POM; Stream bottom: POM (gravel, stones); Water fern interrhizon (Azolla sp.), and bottom sediments;
Temperature:
7.20°C to 29.00°C, avg=18.01°C, n=29 		Redox:
-128.00mV to -111.00mV, avg=-118.00mV, n=3
Oxygen:
1.50mg/l to 12.78mg/l, avg=8.69mg/l, n=6 		Conductivity:
7.00µs/cm to 6940.00µs/cm, avg=391.52µs/cm, n=29
Saturation:
17.00% to 152.70%, avg=105.15%, n=6 		TDS:
134.00mg/l to 3670.00mg/l, avg=954.00mg/l, n=5
PH:
4.50 to 9.30, avg=7.00, n=31 		Salinity:
0.10ppt to 3.80ppt, avg=0.96ppt, n=5
Ecology summary:
Eurytopic in stagnant and running, fresh, athalassic saline, and brackish waters; eurythermic, euryhaline (Jersabek & Bolortsetseg, 2010) [Ref.18457].
Food:
 
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Afrotropis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Australis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Nearctis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaNew JerseyAtlantic Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaCarbon Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaMonroe Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaNorthampton Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaPike Co.
Neotropis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Pacific- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
PacificHawaiianPacific (Oceania)United States of America (Hawaii)HawaiiHawaii Co.
PacificHawaiianPacific (Oceania)United States of America (Hawaii)HawaiiKauai Co.
PacificHawaiianPacific (Oceania)United States of America (Hawaii)HawaiiMaui Co.
PacificHawaiianPacific (Oceania)United States of America (Hawaii)HawaiiOahu Co.
PacificPolynesianPacific (Oceania)Cook IslandsMangaiaMangaia - n.o.s.
Palaearctis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
PalaearctisP1 EuropeanEuropeAustriaKärntenBezirk Spittal a.d. Drau
PalaearctisP1 EuropeanEuropeAustriaOberösterreichBezirk Gmunden
PalaearctisP1 EuropeanEuropeAustriaSalzburgPinzgau
PalaearctisP1 EuropeanEuropeAustriaSalzburgPongau
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